This report, one of a series of three on livestock and water in Africa, defines the major agricultural production zones of tropical Africa with some account of the importance of land, livestock, and water in each zone. Traditional and modern strategies used to overcome water shortages are discussed. The technical, administrative, and environmental problems experienced in the past development of water supplies are then outlined, as is the relationship between technology, equity, management, and control. The implications of past experience for planning water development in the future are then considered. Proposals are made for future research which could lead to the formulation of improved policies and development programs. An appendix gives a recommended nomenclature for the different kinds of water resources which could lead to greater precision and clarity in discussing water management. (Author abstract).